TFP-Dicot Key

CYBERKEY TO THE ANGIOSPERM FLORA OF BRAZOS AND SURROUNDING COUNTIES by TAMU Herbarium Botanist Monique Dubrule Reed This page is no longer being maintained

PROTOTYPE CYBERKEY TO THE FAMILIES OF THE MAGNOLIOPSIDA (DICOTS)

See couplet 8 (or here) for an experimental key to genera (Ranunculaceae).

Dicot class characters: Floral parts in fours or fives; seed leaves two; leaves with reticulate venation; vascular tissue in stems arranged in rings; often possessing secondary woody growth.

1. Ovary or ovaries superior to the calyx, OR calyx lacking or obscure..2
1. Ovary or ovaries wholly or partially inferior to the calyx (and the corolla, if present), or at least apparently so. (Calyx sometimes minute)..150

2(1) Corolla and calyx both present and the two obviously different..3
2. Corolla none, or if present not plainly different from the calyx; calyx present or absent. (This includes the Nyctaginaceae with calyx- like bracts and a petaloid calyx, the mature ovary thus between the apparent "calyx" and "corolla", AND Rumex with two dissimilar whorls of sepals)..112

3(2) Petals all separate from one another (sometimes two are fused or the petals may be united with the stamens in some manner)..4
3. Petals all united at their sides, bases, or apices (they may also be united in with the stamens in some manner)..64

4(3) Stamens always more than twice as many as the petals, often numerous and usually more than 10..5
4. Stamens up to but not more than twice as many as the petals OR if more than twice as many, then fewer than 10..23

5(4) Ovaries two or more, wholly distinct or united only to a little above their bases..6
5. Ovary strictly one, though it may be compound and have several styles, stigmas, or locules..9

6(5) Aquatic plants with peltate or cordate leaves..NYMPHAEACEAE
6. Mostly terrestrial plants; leaves not peltate but perhaps cordate.7

7(6) Stamens inserted on the calyx or a hypanthium..Rosaceae
7. Stamens inserted on the receptacle..8

8(7) Trees and shrubs.. MAGNOLIACEAE
8. Herbs..RANUNCULACEAE

9(5) Plants fully aquatic; leaves cordate or with deep sinuses.. ..NYMPHAEACEAE
9. Plants terrestrial on wet or dry soil; leaves various..10

10(9) Leaves dotted with small glands (visible with strong lens)..11
10. Leaves not glandular-dotted (sometimes with glandular hairs)..12

11(10) Stems with large, vicious thorns..Rutaceae
11. Stems without thorns..CLUSIACEAE

12(10) Ovary simple..13
12. Ovary compound..14

13(12) Fruit a legume..FABACEAE
13. Fruit a drupe..Rosaceae

14(12) Ovary 1-celled..15
14. Ovary 2- to several-celled..17

15(14) Sepals 2, falling at anthesis..PAPAVERACEAE
15. Sepals 4 or more, present at anthesis..16

16(15) Sepals 4..CAPPARIDACEAE
16. Sepals 5 (in the local species)..CISTACEAE

17(14) Stamens united into a column or into several groups..18
17. Stamens distinct from one another..19

18(17) Trees..TILIACEAE
18. Herbs and shrubs..MALVACEAE

19(17) Leaves tubular and pitcher-shaped; stigma umbrella-like; insectivorous plants of boggy places..SARRACENIACEAE
19. Leaves not tubular, stigma not umbrella-like; not insectivorous..20

20(19) Plants having stellate pubescence or peltate scales.. ..Euphorbiaceae
20. Plants lacking stellate pubescence or scales..21

21(20) Trees..TILIACEAE
21 Herbs..22

22(21) Anthers basifixed, poricidal, curved; petals 4, usually more than 1 cm long..Melastomataceae
22. Anthers not as above; petals less than 1 cm long or if that long then more than 4..Lythraceae

23(4) Stamens as many as the petals and opposite them..24
23. Stamens not of the same number as the petals OR stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them..27

24(23) Ovaries 3 to 6 (perhaps only one developing into a fruit); climbing vines with snail-shaped seeds..MENISPERMACEAE
24. Ovary only one; climbers and non-climbers; seeds not snail-shaped..25

25(24) Herbs..PORTULACACEAE
25. Shrubs, trees, and woody vines..26

26(25) Calyx entire or merely toothed; vines and viney shrubs.. ..Vitaceae
26. Calyx cleft into 4-5 segments; shrubs and trees..Rhamnaceae

27(23) Ovaries 2 or more, wholly distinct or united only at the base. In some families just the stigmas or styles may be united..28
27. Ovary strictly 1; simple or compound..30

28(27) Leaves fleshy or succulent..Crassulaceae
28. Leaves not fleshy or succulent..29

29(28) Leaves dotted with small glands containing a pungent oil.. ..Rutaceae
29. Leaves not glandular-dotted..RANUNCULACEAE

30(27) Ovary simple or appearing so, with one marginal or nearly apical placenta..31
30. Ovary compound, as shown by the number of stigmas, styles, locules, placentae, etc..32

31(30) Fruit bristly or spiny; stamens 4..Krameriaceae
31. Fruit not bristly or spiny; stamens (or at least anthers--filaments may be united in some manner) more than 4..FABACEAE

32(30) Ovary 1-celled..33
32. Ovary 2- to several-celled (though the mature fruit may have only one seed)..46

33(32) Corolla manifestly irregular..34
33. Corolla regular or essentially so..36

34(33) Petals and stamens 5..VIOLACEAE
34. Petals 4; stamens 6 to 27..35

35(34) Sepals 2, small, translucent, and membranous; corolla spurred.. ..FUMARIACEAE
35. Sepals 4, herbaceous; corolla not spurred..CAPPARIDACEAE

36(33) Shrubs and trees..37
36. Herbs and vines..39

37(36) Leaves dotted with small glands..CLUSIACEAE
37. Leaves not glandular-dotted..38

38(37) Leaves minute, scale-like, simple..TAMARICACEAE
38. Leaves not scale-like; larger and often compound.. ..Anacardiaceae

39(36) Placenta 1, apical, basal, or parietal..40
39. Placentae 2 or more, parietal..43

40(39) Plants with stellate pubescence; placentae more or less apical.. ..Euphorbiaceae
40. Plants lacking stellate pubescence; placentae central or basal..41

41(40) Leaves fleshy or succulent..PORTULACACEAE
41. Leaves not fleshy or succulent..42

42(41) Petals inserted on the throat of the synsepalous calyx.. ..Lythraceae
42. Petals not inserted on the calyx..CARYOPHYLLACEAE

43(39) Leaves either punctate (with microscopic pits) or with glandular bristles..44
43. Leaves neither punctate nor bristly-glandular..45

44(43) Low, rosette-form insectivorous herbs with gland-tipped bristles or hairs..DROSERACEAE
44. Moderate-sized, non-rosette, non-insectivorous herbs with punctate leaves..CLUSIACEAE

45(43) Ovary stipitate; climbing shrubs or vines..PASSIFLORACEAE
45. Ovary sessile; plants not climbing..CISTACEAE

46(32) Stamens neither just as many nor twice as many as the petals..47
46. Stamens just as many or exactly twice as many as the petals..53

47(46) Trees and shrubs..48
47. Herbs..50

48(47) Stamens 2 or 4; fruit a samara or opaque drupe..Oleaceae
48. Stamens 6 to 10; fruit a capsule or translucent drupe..49

49(48) Fruit globose, translucent amber, with 1 seed; leaves paripinnately compound..Sapindaceae
49. Fruit a leathery capsule with 1 to 3 seeds; leaves palmately compound ..Hippocastanaceae

50(47) Leaves punctate (with microscopic pits)..CLUSIACEAE
50. Leaves not punctate..51

51(50) Plants monoecious or dioecious..Euphorbiaceae
51. Plants with perfect flowers..52

52(51) Stamens usually tetradynamous (rarely only two); fruit a silique or silicle--bilocular, the two valves falling away from the partition at maturity; stamens borne on the receptacle..BRASSICACEAE
52. Stamens not tetradynamous; fruit a capsule; stamens borne on a calyx tube or hypanthium..Lythraceae

53(46) Ovules, and usually seeds, several or many in each cell..54
53. Ovules and seeds only 1 or 2 in each cell..57

54(53) Leaves palmately 3-foliolate (in our species)..Oxalidaceae
54. Leaves simple..55

55(54) Plants inhabiting water or very muddy soil..ELATINACEAE
55. Plants inhabiting dry to moderately moist soil..56

56(55) Petals inserted on the receptacle..CARYOPHYLLACEAE
56. Petals inserted on the calyx or a hypanthium..Lythraceae

57(53) Shrubs, trees, and vines..58
57. Herbs..61

58(57) Leaves simple..Aquifoliaceae
58. Leaves compound..59

59(58) Leaves, or at least most of them, with 3 leaflets..Rutaceae
59. Leaves with more than 3 leaflets..60

60(59) Filaments distinct or united only at the very base.. ..Sapindaceae
60. Filaments united into a tube..Meliaceae

61(57) Plants monoecious or dioecious..Euphorbiaceae
61. Plants with perfect flowers..62

62(61) Leaves once pinnately compound..Zygophyllaceae
62. Leaves simple..63

63(62) Leaves entire..Linaceae
63. Leaves parted, divided, or prominently toothed..Geraniaceae

64(3) Stamens manifestly more numerous than the lobes of the corolla..65
64. Stamens not more numerous than the corolla-lobes, or at least not plainly so. (Many forms are placed here whose corollas are so irregular that the number of lobes is not obvious)..70

65(64) Ovary 1-celled..66
65. Ovary 2- to several-celled..68

66(65) Corolla not spurred..FABACEAE
66. Corolla spurred..67

67(66) Placenta 1; flowers white to blue, purple, or brownish..RANUNCULACEAE
67. Placentae 2; flowers yellow..FUMARIACEAE

68(65) Trees..EBENACEAE
68. Herbs..69

69(68) Cells of ovary 5; flowers regular..Oxalidaceae
69. Cells of ovary 2; flowers irregular..Polygalaceae

70(64) Corolla regular..71
70. Corolla slightly to very strongly irregular..103

71(70) Anther-bearing stamens fewer than the corolla lobes..72
71. Anther-bearing stamens as many as the corolla-lobes (rarely one more or less by exception in certain members of the Boraginaceae)..77

72(71) Anther-bearing stamens 4..73
72. Anther-bearing stamens only 2 or sometimes 3..75

73(72) Ovary 2- to 4-celled; each cell 1-seeded..Verbenaceae
73. Ovary 2-celled; cells several-seeded..74

74(73) Seeds mostly 2 to 18 (sometimes more), flattish, borne on hook-like structures of the placentae; fruit elastically dehiscent; corolla convolute in bud..Acanthaceae
74. Seeds mostly numerous (rarely few), not borne on hook-like structures; fruit not elastically dehiscent; corolla lobes imbricate or valvate in bud..SCROPHULARIACEAE

75(72) Trees and shrubs..Oleaceae
75. Herbs..76

76(75) Plants acaulescent, with all or most of their leaves in a basal rosette..Plantaginaceae
76. Plants with leafy stems..SCROPHULARIACEAE

77(71) Ovaries 1 or more; if 1, deeply lobed or divided (examine maturing ovary)..78
77. Ovary 1, not deeply lobed or divided..81

78(77) Ovary 1, deeply 4-lobed; OR ovaries 4, little if at all united.. ..Boraginaceae
78. Ovaries 2, or 1 with 2 horns or lobes..79

79(78) Stamens fused to each other and united into a column around the style or stigma..Asclepiadaceae
79. Stamens distinct from each other, though sometimes coherent to the style..80

80(79) Leaves alternate; ovary 1, deeply 2-lobed; low annuals with reniform or suborbicular leaves..Convolvulaceae
80. Leaves alternate or opposite; ovaries 2; habit various but not as above..Apocynaceae

81(77) Ovary 1-celled, with no sign of a partition..82
81. Ovary 2- to 12-celled, some of the partitions perhaps imperfect..88

82(81) Leaves toothed, lobed, or compound..83
82. Leaves simple, entire..84

83(82) Plants trailing or twining..Convolvulaceae
83. Plants more or less erect..Hydrophyllaceae

84(82) Plants hispid or strigillose annuals, usually found in gravelly or rocky soils..Hydrophyllaceae
84. Plants glabrous or pubescent, but not hispid or strigillose; habitat various..85

85(84) Style and stigma each 1; fruit a capsule with free-central placen- tation..PRIMULACEAE
85. Styles and stigmas 1 to several; fruit not as above..86

86(85) Style 1, prominently 2-cleft; stigmas usually massive; plants more or less erect; capsules many-seeded..Gentianaceae
86. Styles 1 to several; if more than 1, stigmas not massive; plants trailing or vine-like; capsules 1- to several-seeded..87

87(86) Calyx with glandular hairs; plants cultivated..PLUMBAGINACEAE
87. Calyx not glandular; plants mostly native..Convolvulaceae

88(81) Leaves all or mostly in a basal rosette..Plantaginaceae
88. Leaves, or many of them, cauline (along the stem) or absent..89

89(88) Leaves essentially all opposite or whorled..90
89. Leaves alternate, or the lower ones opposite and the upper alternate, OR leaves absent..91

90(89) Fruit a capsule or pod..Loganiaceae
90. Fruit a cluster of nut-like cocci or a drupe..Verbenaceae

91(89) Mature fruit separating into 4 nut-like parts..Boraginaceae
91. Mature fruit capsular or fleshy..92

92(91) Trees and shrubs..93
92. Herbs and vines..95

93(92) Ovules many, usually more than 8..Solanaceae
93. Ovules few, usually 8 or fewer..94

94(93) Stamens all of one kind and alternate with the corolla-lobes; berries (in our species) red at maturity..Aquifoliaceae
94. Normal stamens opposite the corolla-lobes; sterile stamens or appen- dages petaloid and alternate with the lobes; fruit black at maturity. ..SAPOTACEAE

95(92) Petals united by their apices; woody vines with tendrils.. ..Vitaceae
95. Petals not united by their apices; herbs or vines without tendrils..96

96(95) Inflorescence coiled in the bud..Hydrophyllaceae
96. Inflorescence not coiled in the bud..97

97(96) Ovules and seeds 6 or fewer in each ovary. (In some genera there are more than 6 ovules but only 3 seeds develop to maturity)..98
97. Ovules and seeds more than 6 in each ovary..100

98(97) Ovary 3-celled..Polemoniaceae
98. Ovary with various numbers of cells, but not 3 unless by abortion..99

99(98) Septa complete; placentation basal or axile..Convolvulaceae
99. Septa incomplete; placentation parietal..Hydrophyllaceae

100(97) Stems with true thorns in the axils of the leaves; flowers blue; plants of stream beds and ponds, etc..Hydrophyllaceae
100. Stems without thorns; flower color and habitat various..101

101(100) Leaves finely dissected..Polemoniaceae
101. Leaves not finely dissected..102

102(101) Plants hispid or strigillose..Hydrophyllaceae
102. Plants glabrous or pubescent, but not hispid or strigillose.. ..Solanaceae

103(70) Anther-bearing stamens 5; filaments, or some of them, woolly.. ..SCROPHULARIACEAE
103. Anther-bearing stamens 2 or 4; filaments woolly or smooth..104

104(103) Ovule 1 in each of the 1 to 4 cells..105
104. Ovules 2 to many in each cell..107

105(104) Ovary deeply 4-lobed, style arising from below and between the lobes.. ..LAMIACEAE
105. Ovary entire or weakly 4-lobed, style arising from its apex..106

106(105) Corolla strongly 2-lipped or irregular; plants aromatic.. ..LAMIACEAE
106. Corolla 5-lobed, slightly irregular; plants not aromatic.. ..Verbenaceae

107(104) Ovary imperfectly 4- to 5-celled..Martyniaceae
107. Ovary 1- to 2-celled..108

108(107) Plants inhabiting water or muddy soil..109
108. Plants inhabiting moderately moist soil..110

109(108) Stamens 4 or 2; flowers not spurred..SCROPHULARIACEAE
109. Stamens only two; flowers spurred..Lentibulariaceae

110(108) Placentae parietal; shrubs, trees, or woody vines.. ..Bignoniaceae
110. Placentae axile; ours mostly herbaceous (some ornamental shrubs)..111

111(110) Seeds mostly 2 to 12 (sometimes more), borne on hook-like structures of the placentae; fruits often elastically dehiscent.. ..Acanthaceae
111. Seeds mostly numerous (rarely fewer), not borne on hook-like structures; fruits not elastically dehiscent..SCROPHULARIACEAE

112(2)Flowers perfect or imperfect, none of them in catkins or catkin-like heads or spikes; trees, shrubs, vines, and herbs..113
112. Flowers imperfect--male, female or both in catkins or catkin-like heads or spikes; mostly trees and shrubs, occasionally herbs..144

113(112) Plants herbaceous..114
113. Plants trees or shrubs..139

114(113) Ovules several to many in each cell of the ovary (rarely 3 or 4)..115
114. Ovules only 1 or 2 (or at most 3 or 4) in each cell of the ovary..118

115(114) Sepals distinct and leaves always opposite..CARYOPHYLLACEAE
115. Sepals united, at least at base, or appearing attached to the rim of a floral cup, leaves various; OR sepals distinct and leaves whorled ..116

116(115) Leaves opposite, the members of each pair equal in size.. ..Lythraceae
116. Leaves opposite or whorled, each pair or group unequal..117

117(116) Plants succulent; sepals at least somewhat united.AIZOACEAE
117. Plants not succulent; sepals all free..MOLLUGINACEAE

118(114) Gynoecium apocarpous; pistils distinct or nearly so..119
118. Gynoecium syncarpous or unicarpellate..120

119(118) Calyx none; flowers in spikes..SAURURACEAE
119. Calyx present, often petal-like; flowers not in spikes.. ..RANUNCULACEAE

120(118) Stipules sheathing the stem at the nodes..POLYGONACEAE
120. Stipules present or absent, but never sheathing the stem..121

121(120) Fruit 4-lobed; plants growing in water or wet soil.. ..Callitrichaceae
121. Fruit not 4-lobed; plants aquatic or terrestrial..122

122(121) Plants submerged aquatics; fruit a beaked achene.. ..CERATOPHYLLACEAE
122. Plants terrestrial; fruit various..123

123(122) Leaves palmately compound and leaflets serrate; plants dioecious, odiferous..CANNABACEAE
123. Leaves various, plants not as above..124

124(123) Stipules present, conspicuous and scarious; flowers perfect.. ..CARYOPHYLLACEAE
124. Stipules usually absent; flowers perfect or unisexual; OR stipules present and flowers unisexual..125

125(124) Carpels and styles typically 10, sometimes varying in number slightly ..PHYTOLACCACEAE
125. Carpels and styles 1 to 5, style sometimes branched..126

126(125) Style, if any, 1 and unbranched; stigma 1 (sometimes tufted) OR style arms 2, with one very reduced and minute..127
126. Styles 2 to 5, simple or branched; stigmas thus more than 1..133

127(126) Calyx petaloid and bracts (if present) often calyx-like, mature ovary thus above the apparent "calyx" and below the apparent "corolla"; fruit a leathery or papery anthocarp; leaves opposite.. ..NYCTAGINACEAE
127. Calyx not petaloid; bracts, if present, not calyx-like; fruit not an anthocarp; leaf arrangement various..128

128(127) Flowers unisexual (at least some)..129
128. Flowers perfect..130

129(128) Leaves alternate, margins toothed..MORACEAE
129. Leaves opposite, or if alternate then entire..URTICACEAE

130(128) Fruit a silique or silicle; carpels 2..BRASSICACEAE
130. Fruit not a silique or silicle; carpels 1 or 3..131

131(130) Carpels 3; fruit a 1- or 2-seeded capsule; flowers cleistogamous.. ..CISTACEAE
131. Carpels 1; fruit 1-seeded; flowers chasmogamous..132

132(131) Fruit a fleshy berry..PHYTOLACCACEAE
132. Fruit a dry utricle or achene..AMARANTHACEAE

133(126) Leaves palmately lobed or divided; plants with stinging hairs.. ..Euphorbiaceae
133. Leaves not palmately lobed or divided..134

134(133) Fruit a 3-celled (rarely 2-celled) capsule; juice often but not always milky..Euphorbiaceae
134. Fruit a 1-celled achene or utricle, though sometimes 3-angled; juice never milky..135

135(134) Flowers in small clusters; each cluster subtended by an involucre of bracts..POLYGONACEAE
135. Flowers not in involucrate clusters, though bracts may be present in the inflorescence..136

136(135) Plants herbaceous vines..POLYGONACEAE
136. Plants herbs, not vine-like..137

137(136) Leaves covered at least beneath with scurf or stellate hairs.. ..Euphorbiaceae
137. Leaves without scurf or stellate hairs (sometimes mealy)..138

138(137) Flowers scarious, subtended by scarious bracts..AMARANTHACEAE
138. Flowers greenish or mealy-coated; bracts, when present, not scarious.. CHENOPODIACEAE

139(113) Leaves opposite..140
139. Leaves alternate (rarely imperfectly opposite)..141

140(139) Fruit 2-celled, a double samara..Aceraceae
140. Fruit 1-celled, a single samara or drupe..Oleaceae

141(139) Flowers in dense globose clusters; leaves palmately lobed.. ..PLATANACEAE
141. Flowers not in dense globose clusters; leaves various..142

142(141) Ovary 3-celled; leaves rhombic-ovate..Euphorbiaceae
142. Ovary 1-to 2-celled; leaves variously shaped..143

143(142) Fruit a samara, nutlet, or red-brown drupe; leaves not lobed.. ..ULMACEAE
143. Fruit a dark blue drupe; at least some leaves lobed..LAURACEAE

144(112) Ovules numerous in the ovary; leaves linear..SALICACEAE
144. Ovules 1 or 2 in the ovary; leaves various, usually not linear..145

145(144) Fruit a syncarp or a multiple fruit, always fleshy.MORACEAE
145. Fruit dry..146

146(145) Leaves palmately angled or lobed; flowers in dense globose clusters.. ..PLATANACEAE
146. Leaves not palmately angled or lobed; flowers usually not in dense globose clusters..147

147(146) Herbs..MORACEAE
147. Trees and shrubs..148

148(147) Shrubs; fruit waxy-coated or drupe-like..MYRICACEAE
148. Trees; fruit neither waxy-coated or drupe-like..149

149(148) Leaves simple..BETULACEAE
149. Leaves compound..JUGLANDACEAE

150(1) Plants parasitic on trees or shrubs..Viscaceae
150. Plants not parasitic..151

151(150) Calyx petaloid and bracts often calyx-like; true corolla none. Mature ovary thus between the apparent calyx and the true calyx; fruit a papery or leathery anthocarp; leaves opposite..NYCTAGINACEAE
151. Calyx and bracts not as above; fruit not an anthocarp; leaves various. ..152

152(151) Corolla none, OR corolla present but not differentiated from the calyx..153
152. Corolla present, differentiated from the calyx; calyx sometimes reduced or minute..161

153(152) Herbs..154
153. Trees and shrubs..157

154(153) Ovules and seeds 1 to 3 in each ovary..Haloragaceae
154. Ovules and seeds 4 or more in each ovary..155

155(154) Calyx extremely irregular and much prolonged..ARISTOLOCHIACEAE
155. Calyx regular or nearly so..156

156(155) Plants succulent; ovary partially superior; fruit a circumscissile capsule..AIZOACEAE
156. Plants not succulent; ovary wholly inferior; fruit an achene or a non-circumscissile capsule..Onagraceae

157(153) Leaves pinnately compound..JUGLANDACEAE
157. Leaves simple..158

158(157) Leaves palmately veined and lobed..HAMAMELIDACEAE
158. Leaves pinnately veined, lobed or unlobed..159

159(158) Flowers not in catkins; fruit more or less fleshy.Cornaceae
159. Flowers, or some of them, in catkins; fruit dry..160

160(159) Only the male flowers in catkins; fruit a nut, usually an acorn.. ..FAGACEAE
160. Both male and female flowers in catkins; fruit a nutlet.. ..BETULACEAE

161(152) Petals distinct..162
161. Petals more or less united..175

162(161) Plants succulent, with fierce spines or bristles, true leaves absent or few..CACTACEAE
162. Plants succulent or not, with or without spines or bristles; true leaves present..163

163(162) Ovules and seeds more than 1 in each cell..164
163. Ovules and seeds only 1 in each cell (sometimes by exception more than one in a few members of the Rosaceae)..169

164(163) Ovary 1-celled or only basally partitioned..165
164. Ovary 2- to many-celled..166

165(164) Plants with scabrous, barbed hairs..LOASACEAE
165. Plants without barbed hairs, any hairs softer.PORTULACACEAE

166(164) Petals numerous, more than 10; plants aquatic..NYMPHAEACEAE
166. Petals or corolla-lobes few, rarely more than 5 or 6; plants terres- trial or aquatic..167

167(166) Anthers opening by pores at their tips..Melastomataceae
167. Anthers opening in a different manner..168

168(167) Styles 2 to 4..Saxifragaceae
168. Style 1 (stigmas may be more than 1)..Onagraceae

169(163) Stamens 5, 10, or numerous..170
169. Stamens 2, 4, 6, or 8..173

170(169) Herbs..Apiaceae
170. Trees and shrubs..171

171(170) Leaves compound; fruit a berry..Araliaceae
171. Leaves simple; fruit a pome or drupe..172

172(171) Flowers perfect; fruit a pome..Rosaceae
172. Flowers imperfect; fruit a drupe..Cornaceae

173(169) Trees and shrubs; fruit a drupe..Cornaceae
173. Herbs; fruit not drupaceous..174

174(173) Style 1; stigma 2- to 4-lobed; flowers conspicuous..Onagraceae
174. Styles or sessile stigmas 4; flowers not showy.Haloragaceae

175(161)(161) Plants with tendrils..CUCURBITACEAE
175. Plants without tendrils..176

176(175) Stamens united by their anthers..177
176. Stamens not united by their anthers, or anthers only very loosely coherent..178

177(176) Flowers in involucrate heads; heads with regular flowers, irregular flowers, or a combination of the two..ASTERACEAE
177. Flowers not in involucrate heads; flowers irregular.. ..Campanulaceae

178(176) Stamens free from the corolla or nearly so..179
178. Stamens inserted on the corolla..180

179(178) Trees; fruit a fleshy berry..ERICACEAE
179. Herbs; fruit a capsule..Campanulaceae

180(178) Stamens 1 to 3..Valerianaceae
180. Stamens 4 to 5..181

181(180) Flowers imperfect; plants monoecious..ASTERACEAE
181. Flowers all or mostly perfect; if some flowers imperfect then plants polygamous..182

182(181) Stipules present; leaves opposite or whorled..Rubiaceae
182. Stipules absent; leaf arrangement various..183

183(182) Leaves alternate or basal or both..PRIMULACEAE
183. Leaves opposite or whorled..184

184(183) Leaves opposite..Caprifoliaceae
184. Leaves whorled or appearing so (stipules are leaf-like and add to the apparent number of leaves at each node)..Rubiaceae

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Last updated by HDW on 23 February 1995