1. HESPERIDIUM: a berry (syncarpous, fleshy, indehiscent) with a leathery rind [exocarp + mesocarp] with embedded oil cavities and locules filled with 'juice sacs' [unicellular 'hairs' derived from the endocarp - each internal 'segment' represents a carpellary unit. Fruit type common to the RUTACEAE and uniform in the genus Citrus.

a. The genus is native to Asia and the South Pacific - domesticates transported early to Europe, later - by spanish - to the New World (Florida 1565 - important by 1820).

b. Oranges (Citrus sinensis) largest perennial fruit tree crop in the U.S. and 'most grown' Citrus crop of the world. Normal type 'Valencia' - most important type grown in Florida and Texas - 'Navel' [mutant with non-functional, small ovary on top of the functional ovary - forms the 'navel' - is sterile [seedless].

c. Coloration induced by cool weather - chlorophyll degrades and other pigments become evident - does not occur in the topics - thus, treat with ETHYLENE - HORMONE TO STIMULATE FRUIT MATURATION - or actually dye the fruit orange.

d. Citrus aurantiifolia - 'lime' - scurvy - now known caused by lack of vitamin C - British only knew that daily ration of lime juice prevented the disease - 'limeys' - vitamin C content of limes very high.

e. Grape fruit - C. paradisi - evidently a hybrid between two citrus species (one the sweet orange) that occurred in the New World - thus, New World origin of a domesticate from a genus that is of Old World origin.

a. Cucurbita - Pumpkins and squashs: american trilogy - winter vs. summer - immature vs. mature
 
C. pepo - Mexico (ornamental, acorn, etc) - C. texana
C. moschata -most ancient - both North and South Ameica - butternut
C. maxima - largest 'big max pumpkin' - over 600lbs from 1 gynoecium - largest angiosperm fruit - SA only
C. mixta (C. argyrosperma)and C. ficifolia - cushaw, uplands
 
b. watermelon - Citrullus lanatus - !kung - africa origins

c. Cucumis - melo - cantolope, sativus - cucumbers

d. Lagenaria - gourds - similar to Gossypium - very old in Old and New World

e. Chayote - Sechium edule - single seed

f. Luffa - vascular strands

PEPPERS [SWEET CAPSICUM ANNUUM] - native to New World - domesticated in Mexico - paprika - taken up by Old World people -sweet types evidently derived recently from original, pungent varieties.

TOMATO Lycopersicon esculentum - (probably better treated as a Solanum species) domesticated in the New World - initially thought to be poisonous - 1820 COLONEL ROBERT GIBBON - EAT TOMATOS 'LYCOPERSICON = JUICY [esculent] WOLF PEACH - again - Italians took up the plant in a big way.

Old World domesticate of the family - EGGPLANT [VS. SOLANUM TUBEROSUM] [SOLANUM MELONGENA] - big genus - India or China - original cultivars had an egg-like fruit (small, ovate, white)